It’s post-separation legal abuse, not high-conflict divorce
Domestic abusers often exert control over their ex-partners through the legal system – a form of post-separation legal abuse that takes a tremendous psychological toll on victim-survivors and children, and which can continue for years, even decades. And yet the legal system often mistakes legal abuse for “high conflict divorce” and assumes that both parties are equally at fault. Find out how the courts could protect victims, rather than enabling their abusers to continue, and even escalate the abuse. Thanks to authors Lisa Aronson Fontes & Christine Cocchiola for permission to republish this blog which originally appeared in Psychology Today.
By Dr Lisa Aronson Fontes @fontes_ph / Dr Christine Cocchiola @coercivecontrol
KEY POINTS
- Domestic abusers often exert control over their ex-partners through the legal system.
- Post-separation legal abuse takes a tremendous psychological toll on victim-survivors and children.
- The legal system often mistakes legal abuse for “high conflict divorce.”
When abusers use the courts to harass their ex-partners, judges sometimes consider “the couple” as the problem, failing to identify the legal maneuvers as a form of continued abuse.
Guardians ad litem, custody evaluators, and judges often mistakenly identify custody disputes involving a domestic abuser as “high conflict divorces.” The term “high conflict divorce” suggests symmetrical and parallel escalation from both parties. However, in most “high conflict” divorce cases, what we are really seeing is one “party who is drawn towards, rather than away from, conflict” (Rosenfeld et al., 2019).
These cases are marked by one “high conflict litigant” who exerts power by dragging their ex into court repeatedly. In other words, an abuser creates a series of court complications to make a divorce or custody case impossible to resolve, so it continues for years. The problem is not the couple—the problem is one member of the couple and should be handled accordingly. The abuser wants the case to drag on, relishing these opportunities to continue to make the ex-partner suffer.
This coercive control tactic is variously called legal abuse (Douglas, 2018), vexatious litigation (Fitch & Easteal, 2017), procedural abuse (Miller & Smolter, 2011), judicial terrorism (Tucker, 2021), and custody stalking (Elizabeth, 2017). Domestic abusers act the role of a loving and caring parent who wants to have half-time or more with their children when their true goal is to maintain a continuous route for harassing their ex-partners.
Frequently, the domestic abuser creates a false (gaslighting) narrative that the other parent should lose much or all of their parenting time because they are “mentally unstable.” The domestic abuser may also allege that the targeted parent is trying to undermine the role of the domestic abuser in the children’s lives and raise the specter of “parental alienation.”
The National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges noted that “it is often legitimate for the partner of an abusive parent to try to protect the children from exposure to abuse, or to try to secure his or her own safety from the abusive partner by limiting that partner’s contact with the children” (p. 19).
The abuser retains or regains control by bringing the victim back to court repeatedly. Each day in court takes a tremendous toll on the victim in lost wages and lawyer’s fees. Victims of domestic abuse have often already suffered from financial abuse. The court battle may stretch them financially beyond the breaking point, forcing them and the children to move into a shelter or even—sometimes—return to the abuser. Psychologically, the stress of prolonged court battles can be devastating to the protective parent and to the children (Clements et al., 2021).
Calling domestic abusers “master manipulators,” Campbell (2017) makes the following recommendations to judges:
- Find the abuser in contempt upon the very first failure to pay child support or in some other way conform to the terms of a court order– thus averting the need for repeated court hearings.
- Become familiar with abuser profiles and patterns of domestic violence to detect these more easily when they appear in court.
- Watch vigilantly for signs of abuse throughout the court and mediation processes.
- Sanction abusers who file frivolous motions.
- Be wary of granting custody or visitation to abusers. Where such contact is granted, structure agreements to reduce the need for contact between the parties.
These steps would go a long way to protect victim-survivors who suffer from post-separation legal abuse. The courts should protect someone who has endured coercive control within their relationship rather than extending the abuser’s reach after separation.
References
Clements, K.A.V., Sprecher, M., Modica, S., Terrones, M., Gregory, K., & Sullivan, C. (2021). The use of children as a tactic in intimate partner violence and its relationship to survivor mental health. Journal of Family Violence, DOI: 10.1007/s10896-021-00330-0
Douglas, H. (2018). Legal systems abuse and coercive control. Criminology & Criminal Justice, 18, 84-99.
Fitch, E. & Easteal, P. (2017). Vexatious litigation in family law and coercive control: Ways to improve legal remedies and better protect the victims. Family Law Review, 7, 103-115.
Miller, S. L. & Smolter, N.L. (2011). “Paper abuse:” When all else fails, batterers use procedural stalking.
Violence Against Women, 17, 637-50.
National Council of Juvenile and Family Court Judges (2006). On navigating custody and visitation
evaluations with domestic violence: A judges’ guide. Author: Reno, NV.
Tucker, L.A. (2021). The [E]x factor: addressing trauma from post-separation domestic violence as judicial terrorism. Washington University Law Review, 99, 339-376.
Rosenfeld, E., Oberman, M., Bernard, J., & Lee, E. (2019). Confronting the Challenge of the High-Conflict Personality in Family Court. Family Law Quarterly, 53.
